Learn · Metrics literacy
PSX stock metrics explained
Plain-language guides to numbers you meet on a company research page - gross profit, PE, ROE, cash flow, and more; on the desk, short tooltips stay in place; this hub is for deeper study; educational only - not buy/sell tips.
24
Metric articles
8
Categories
Tooltips on desk
Short hints stay on company pages
Full guides here
Deeper study when you need formulas
Browse by category
Start with the statement family, then open a full metric guide; only categories with live articles are listed - no empty doorway pages.
- 3 guides
Income statement
Sales, gross profit, net profit (PAT), and related lines beginners meet on Pakistan company books.
Open category → - 2 guides
Balance sheet
Assets, equity, and debt lines on the statement of financial position - size and structure, not tips.
Open category → - 2 guides
Cash flow
Operating cash flow, free cash flow, and why profit is not the same as cash in the bank.
Open category → - 2 guides
Ratios & valuation
P/E, ROE, and other study ratios that combine price and books - labels for homework, never buy lights.
Open category → - 5 guides
Market tape
Last price, change, volume, and day range - how to read the session print on a Pakistan share without treating green or red as an order.
Open category → - 5 guides
Technicals
RSI, MACD, moving averages, and Bollinger bands - chart math from recent closes, never a company quality score.
Open category → - 3 guides
Corporate actions
Cash dividends, bonus shares, and rights ideas - how announcements change the study checklist, not tip culture.
Open category → - 2 guides
Data quality
Analysis Ready, thin books, and filing proofs - when Pehle Samjho has enough stored figures for calm homework.
Open category →
Articles
All metric guides
Full articles - then open a real ticker to see numbers on the Books desk.
PE ratio explained (PSX stocks)
Price-to-earnings (P/E) compares the share price to earnings per share. A higher P/E means you are paying more PKR per unit of reported earnings - it is a study label, not a buy signal.
Work this formula →ROE explained (return on equity)
Return on equity (ROE) roughly asks: how much profit did the company earn relative to shareholders’ equity? It is a profitability study ratio - not a guarantee of future returns.
Work this formula →Revenue explained (sales / turnover)
Revenue (also called sales or turnover) is the top line of the income statement - money reported from selling goods or services before direct costs, operating expenses, interest, and tax.
Read guide →Gross profit explained (PSX)
Gross profit is roughly sales (revenue) minus the direct cost of making or buying what was sold. It sits above operating expenses on many income statements.
Read guide →Net profit explained
Net profit (often PAT - profit after tax) is the bottom-line accounting profit for the period after expenses, interest, and tax (as presented in that filing).
Work this formula →Operating cash flow explained
Operating cash flow (OCF) is cash generated (or used) by the company’s core operations in a period - from the cash-flow statement, not the same as net profit.
Work this formula →Free cash flow explained
Free cash flow is a study label for cash left after operations and (typically) capital spending - definitions vary by filing and by who calculates it.
Work this formula →Total assets explained
Total assets is the sum of what the company reports it owns or controls at period-end - cash, receivables, inventory, PPE, and other assets - on the balance sheet / SOFP.
Work this formula →Total equity explained
Total equity (shareholders’ equity) is the residual interest in assets after liabilities - roughly what belongs to owners on the SOFP at period-end.
Work this formula →Last price explained (PSX tape)
Last price is the latest share print we can show for the symbol. If the session is closed or quiet, it may be an older closing price - not necessarily a live trade from this minute.
Read guide →Price change % explained
Change % usually compares today’s last print to the previous close. Green or red is only a short session snapshot.
Read guide →Volume explained (PSX tape)
Volume is how many shares changed hands in the session (or the window the feed reports). It is activity, not quality.
Read guide →Day range explained
Day high / low is the highest and lowest reported prices so far in the session (or the feed’s day window).
Read guide →Turnover explained
Turnover is roughly how much money moved in PKR for the session - often related to price × volume, depending on the feed’s definition.
Read guide →RSI explained (relative strength)
Relative Strength Index (RSI) scores how fast recent closes rose versus fell, on a 0-100 scale. It does not know filings, debt, or earnings.
Read guide →MACD explained
MACD compares a faster moving average of price with a slower one. The histogram is the gap between MACD and its signal line.
Read guide →SMA explained (simple moving average)
Simple Moving Average (SMA) is the unweighted average close over a window. It smooths day-to-day noise so you can see a typical level.
Read guide →EMA explained (exponential moving average)
Exponential Moving Average (EMA) is also an average close, but it gives extra weight to the latest days. It moves sooner than SMA when the tape changes.
Read guide →Bollinger bands explained
Bollinger bands draw a moving average and a corridor based on how jumpy recent closes were. Upper/lower mean “far from typical,” not magic support/resistance.
Read guide →Cash dividend explained
A cash dividend is a company announcement to pay cash per share (subject to board/AGM rules in the notice). It is an action, not a guarantee of future payments.
Read guide →Bonus issue explained
A bonus issue gives additional shares to existing holders from reserves (as per the notice). Share count rises. It is not free cash like a dividend.
Read guide →Rights issue explained
A rights issue offers existing shareholders a chance to buy new shares at terms in the notice (ratio, price, timeline). It can raise company cash and dilute if not taken up - details are in the filing.
Read guide →Analysis Ready explained
Analysis Ready is our desk label for how complete stored books feel for calm study (ready / usable / thin). It is about our warehouse coverage - not a rating of the company.
Read guide →Filing proof explained
A filing proof is a link from a stored books period to an announcement PDF (and page when known) that we used as evidence. Trust the desk first. Exchange links are optional confirmation.
Read guide →
FAQ
Is this investment advice?
No. These pages explain what common stock metrics mean so you can read a company desk. We do not tell you what to buy or sell.
Where do I see these numbers for a real company?
Open any share-price research page (for example from the PSX stock list). Books show stored statement lines when ready. Short tooltips stay on the desk. Full guides live here.
How is this hub organised?
By family: income, balance, cash flow, ratios, market tape, technicals, corporate actions, and data quality. Open a category, then a metric article. On the company desk, tooltips stay in place with a quiet “Full guide” link back here.
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